Survey on Passivity Based Control of Induction Machine

Induction machines (IM) constitute a theoretically interesting and practically important class of nonlinear systems. They are frequently used as wind generators for their power/cost ratio. They are described by a fifth‐order nonlinear differential equation with two inputs and only three state variables available for measurement. The control task is further complicated by the fact that IM are subject to unknown (load) disturbances and the parameters can be of great uncertainty. One is then faced with the challenging problem of controlling a highly nonlinear system, with unknown time‐varying parameters, where the regulated output, besides being unmeasurable, is perturbed by an unknown additive signal. Passivity‐based control (PBC) is a well‐established structure‐preserving design methodology which has shown to be very powerful to design robust controllers for physical systems described by Euler‐Lagrange equations of motion. PBCs provide a natural procedure to "shape" the potential energy yielding controllers with a clear physical interpretation in terms of interconnection of the system with its environment and are robust vis á vis to unmodeled dissipative effects. One recent approach of PBC is the Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity‐Based Control (IDA‐PBC) which is a very useful technique to control nonlinear systems assigning a desired (Port‐Controlled Hamiltonian) structure to the closed‐loop. The aim of this paper is to give a survey on different PBC of IM. The originality of this work is that the author proves that the well known field oriented control of IM is a particular case of the IDA‐PBC with disturbance.     

退火温度对冷轧DP980钢力学性能的影响

利用连续退火模拟机对DP980试验钢进行了连续退火试验,并通过扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜等研究了不同退火温度下(775、800、825和850 ℃),试验钢显微组织的演变规律和力学性能的变化趋势。结果表明:试验钢的屈服强度随着退火温度的升高而不断增大(从705 MPa增大到850 MPa),抗拉强度和断后伸长率则随着退火温度的升高而不断减小(抗拉强度从1150 MPa减小到1030 MPa;伸长率从8.9%减小到5.3%),这与试验钢的显微组织构成和形态分布密切相关。此外,不同退火温度下,试验钢的加工硬化率曲线均呈现单调下降的趋势。     

Sequence-Dependent Nanofiber Structures of Phenylalanine and Isoleucine Tripeptides

The molecular design of short peptides to achieve a tailor-made functional architecture has attracted attention during the past decade but remains challenging as a result of insufficient understanding of the relationship between peptide sequence and assembled supramolecular structures. We report a hybrid-resolution model to computationally explore the sequence–structure relationship of self-assembly for tripeptides containing only phenylalanine and isoleucine. We found that all these tripeptides have a tendency to assemble into nanofibers composed of laterally associated filaments. Molecular arrangements within the assemblies are diverse and vary depending on the sequences. This structural diversity originates from (1) distinct conformations of peptide building blocks that lead to different surface geometries of the filaments and (2) unique sidechain arrangements at the filament interfaces for each sequence. Many conformations are available for tripeptides in solution, but only an extended β-strand and another resembling a right-handed turn are observed in assemblies. It was found that the sequence dependence of these conformations and the packing of resulting filaments are determined by multiple competing noncovalent forces, with hydrophobic interactions involving Phe being particularly important. The sequence pattern for each type of assembly conformation and packing has been identified. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between conformation, molecular packing, and sequences for determining detailed nanostructures of peptides and provide a detailed insight to support a more precise design of peptide-based nanomaterials.     

化学气相沉积钨涂层的研究现状与进展

化学气相沉积钨涂层具有工艺简单、技术成熟度高、涂层综合质量优异等特点，广泛应用于国防、航天、核工业等领域。首先介绍了化学气相沉积钨涂层的原理和特点，重点讨论了化学气相沉积钨涂层的工艺及应用研究现状，包括化学气相沉积钨涂层微观组织控制工艺及在耐辐射、耐磨耐蚀和高温防护领域的应用，同时对新型化学气相沉积钨涂层技术的发展进行了展望。一是改善现有工艺存在的反应气源与反应产物毒性大等问题，满足绿色环保的发展要求；二是改善现有工艺存在的沉积温度高、沉积速率偏低等问题，实现在不同衬底表面的高效、高质量沉积；三是改善现有化学气相沉积钨涂层结构与功能单一等问题，满足构件对钨涂层高性能和多功能的需求。     

DP980+Z烘烤硬化值与退火温度的关系

摘要：为了研究退火温度对镀锌DP980+Z烘烤硬化值的影响，退火温度控制在760～820℃之间，系统分析退火温度对烘烤硬化值的影响。通过准静态拉伸试验机测量烘烤硬化值及抗拉强度，采用lepara试剂对组织中的马氏体进行着色，利用金相显微镜及图像处理软件测量马氏体的体积分数；采用扫描电镜观察DP980+Z的双相组织特点，并且将组织图片通过CAD转化成有限元图进行网格划分，建立代表性体积单元（RVE），通过有限元分析铁素体、马氏体强度对烘烤硬化值的影响。在同样的变形量情况下，DP980+Z的原始屈服强度越高，烘烤硬化值越高。     

温度对生物净化滤柱中氨氮、铁、锰去除效果的影响

温度是生物净化滤柱运行的一个重要参数，采用生物净化滤柱处理模拟含氨氮、铁、锰地下水，考察水温从约25℃降到约6℃过程中氨氮、铁、锰的去除效果。结果表明，出水氨氮、总铁、锰的浓度分别低于0.15mg/L、0.1mg/L、0.05mg/L，均低于国家标准。出水总铁、锰均未受到水温下降的影响，但是出水氨氮浓度逐渐从约0.02mg/L升高到约0.12mg/L。进一步分析发现，铁主要在滤层的0~0.4m段去除，去除效果没有受到水温变化的影响。氨氮、锰主要在滤层的0~0.8m段去除，其沿程浓度均随水温降低而明显升高。氨氮、锰的生物去除符合一级动力学反应，水温为24.6℃、15.3℃、6.7℃时，两者的动力学常数k分别为0.154min^-1、0.186min^-1，0.143min^-1、0.175min^-1，0.103min^-1、0.163min^-1；半反应时间t_1/2分别为4.51min、3.72min，4.83min、3.96min，6.72min、4.24min。随着试验水温的降低，氨氮、锰的去除效果明显受到影响。     

淬火温度对G105钢组织和性能的影响

利用硬度计、拉伸试验机、冲击试验机和光学显微镜等手段,研究了G105钢分别在890、910和930 ℃保温150 min淬火,随后进行630 ℃保温180 min回火处理后组织和性能变化。结果表明:随着淬火温度的升高,G105钢淬火硬度越来越高;经回火处理后,淬火温度为890 ℃和910 ℃时,调质硬度无太大差异,分别为33.2 HRC和32.7 HRC,淬火温度为930 ℃的调质硬度相对提高约1.5 HRC。试验钢强度随着淬火温度的升高也呈现升高趋势,但冲击韧性呈先升高后下降的趋势,这主要是由于调质后存在粒状碳化物的析出现象,导致其冲击韧性显著下降,故认为当淬火温度选取910 ℃时,获得的G105钢综合力学性能较佳。     

55SiCr弹簧钢中的残留奥氏体与碳化物

通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热膨胀仪、洛氏硬度计等手段研究了弹簧钢55SiCr的组织和相变点以及残留奥氏体和碳化物在热处理过程中的组织演变。结果表明:55SiCr弹簧钢淬火后残留奥氏体以块状分布在基体上;随回火温度的升高,残留奥氏体减少并呈粒状和薄膜状分布;C在残留奥氏体中富集,使其稳定性增强;Si抑制了碳化物的析出,提高了残留奥氏体的稳定性。低温回火时,Si延缓了渗碳体析出;高温回火时,C原子扩散速率提高,促进渗碳体析出,引起体积的收缩。慢速加热回火时,C有足够的时间扩散,从而促进渗碳体的形成,使渗碳体的形成温度提前;快速加热回火时,C来不及扩散,抑制了渗碳体的析出。回火加热速率一样时,试验钢的硬度随回火温度的提高而下降。当回火温度为400 ℃时,硬度值最大为51 HRC;当回火温度为650 ℃时,硬度值最小为37 HRC。当加热速率为0.1 ℃/s时,硬度值最小为33 HRC;当加热速率为200 ℃/s时,硬度值最大为40 HRC。     

A Constitutive Equation of Thermoelasticity for Solid Materials

A new constitutive equation of thermoelasticity for crystals is presented based on the interatomic potential and solid mechanics at finite temperature. Using the new constitutive equation, the calculations for crystal copper and graphene are carried out under different loading paths at different temperatures. The calculated results are in good agreement with those of the previous thermoelasticity constitutive equation based on quantum mechanics, which clearly indicates that our new constitutive equation of thermoelasticity is correct. A lot of comparisons also show that the present theory is more concise and efficient than the previous thermal stress theory in the practical application.